Question 1 –
Joseph Connell’s “intermediate disturbance hypothesis” proposesthat:
A. species diversity is highest at intermediate frequencies ofdisturbance.
B. species diversity is lowest at intermediate frequencies ofdisturbance.
C. population growth rates are highest at intermediate frequenciesof disturbance.
D. competitive exclusion is fastest at intermediate levels ofdisturbance.
Question 2 –
A “community” is defined as:
A. a group of organisms that all make their living in a similarway.
B. a group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a definedarea.
C. the portion of a defined area that supports life.
D. an association of interacting species inhabiting a definedarea.
Question 3 –
In most ecological communities:
A. most species are extremely rare.
B. few species are very abundant.
C. most species are moderately abundant.
D. both few species are very abundant, and most species aremoderately abundant.
Question 4 –
Robert MacArthur’s study of forest warblers suggested that:
A. fewer warbler species can survive in more complex habitats.
B. warbler species diversity increases with habitat complexity.
C. warbler species diversity decreases with habitat complexity.
D. most warblers have rather similar foraging niches.
Question 5 –
Niches of single-celled algae, such as diatoms, seem most often tobe distinguished by their requirements for:
A. different combinations of inorganic nutrients.
B. different light environments.
C. different water-flow environments.
D. different water temperatures.
Question 6 –
In the Amazon forest, slight changes in soil properties tend to becorrelated with:
A. similar, slight differences in plant communities.
B. no detectable differences in plant communities.
C. dramatic differences in plant communities.
D. dramatic differences in plant communities only if the soilproperty in question is moisture.
Question 7 –
In Robert Paine’s studies of theWashingtonintertidal community,which organism proved to be a keystone species?
A. The whelk Thais
B. Acorn barnacles
C. Chitons
D. The starfish Pisaster
Question 8 –
In theWashingtonintertidal community studied by Robert Paine, themost important limiting resource is:
A. space.
B. light.
C. plankton.
D. nitrogen.
Question 9 –
We can infer a statistically significant difference between twopopulation means when:
A. our estimates of the two means are different.
B. the variances of the two means do not overlap.
C. the standard deviations of the two means do not overlap.
D. the 95% confidence intervals for the two means do notoverlap.
Question 10 –
Weaver ants provide effective protection of citrus trees becausethey:
A. remove harmful soft-scale insects (mealybugs).
B. remove all plant-feeding insects.
C. cultivate soft-scale insects, but do not allow them to feed onthe trees.
D. cultivate soft-scale insects, but still allow them to beattacked by parasitoids and predators.
Question 11 –
TheNileperch population explosion has been accompanied by:
A. a decrease in the dissolved oxygen in the shallowest portionsofLake Victoria.
B. a decrease in the dissolved oxygen in the deepest portionsofLake Victoria.
C. an increase in the dissolved oxygen in the deepest portionsofLake Victoria.
D. an increase in the dissolved oxygen in the shallowest portionsofLake Victoria.
Question 12 –
Based on studies by Jane Lubchenko, what influence does thepopulation density of the herbivorous intertidal snail, Littorinalittorea, have on the number of algal species?
A. As snail density increases from low to medium, the number ofalgal species increases.
B. As snail density increases from medium to high, the number ofalgal species increases.
C. As snail density increases from medium to high, the number ofalgal species decreases.
D. Both as snail density increases from low to medium the number ofalgal species increases and as snail density increases from mediumto high, the number of algal species decreases.
Question 13 –
Teja Tscharntke simplified the food web associated with the wetlandreed Phragmites australis by dividing the species into thefollowing major trophic levels?
A. Plant, herbivore, piscivore, and granivore
B. Herbivore, carnivore, detritivore, and consumer
C. Herbivore, parasite, carnivore, and detritivore
D. Plant, herbivore, parasite, and carnivore
Question 14 –
Net primary productivity is the primary productivity of anecosystem, after subtracting energy lost in:
A. dead plant tissues.
B. inedible plant tissues.
C. respiration by primary producers.
D. respiration by primary consumers.
Question 15 –
“Actual evapotranspiration” for an ecosystem refers to the amountof water that:
A. is taken up from soils by plant roots.
B. evaporates from soils.
C. is transpired by plants.
D. evaporates from soils plus the amount transpired by plants.
Question 16 –
Leibig’s “Law of the Minimum” stated that:
A. the lowest primary productivity occurs in the coldestecosystems.
B. primary productivity is typically controlled entirely byclimate.
C. primary productivity is typically controlled by both climate andsoil nutrients.
D. a single soil nutrient typically limits primaryproductivity.
Question 17 –
Experimental fertilizations in theBaltic Seasuggest that primaryproductivity there is normally limited by:
A. phosphorus.
B. nitrogen.
C. iron.
D. potassium.
Question 18 –
The “trophic cascade hypothesis” emphasizes the role of:
A. nutrients in controlling primary productivity.
B. nutrients in controlling primary consumption.
C. grazing by herbivores in controlling primary productivity.
D. grazing by herbivores in controlling ecosystem nutrientlevels.
Question 19 –
InHubbardBrookExperimentalForest, the largest “standing stock” ofenergy is represented by biomass of:
A. living plant tissues.
B. dead plant tissues.
C. invertebrate herbivores.
D. vertebrate herbivores.
Question 20 –
An increase about 1,000 years ago in 13C content of human collagenfrom archeological sites in easternNorth Americaprobablyrecords:
A. replacement of vegetables and grains in the diet by meat.
B. replacement of corn by beans and squash in the diet.
C. increasing consumption of corn.
D. increasing levels of 13C in soils.
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