Question 1 –
The largest reservoir of phosphorus in most ecosystems isphosphorus:
A. in the atmosphere.
B. dissolved in water.
C. in rocks and sediments.
D. bound in animal tissues.
Question 2 –             
“Nitrogen fixation” refers to the conversion of:
A. carbon compounds to nitrogen compounds.
B. nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH2).
C. ammonia (NH3) to nitrogen gas (N2).
D. ammonium (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3-).
Question 3 –
“Nitrification” is the conversion of:
A. carbon compounds to nitrogen compounds.
B. nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH2).
C. ammonia (NH3) to nitrogen gas (N2).
D. ammonium (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3-).
Question 4 –
A major perturbation of the carbon cycle by human activity isassociated with:
A. release of carbon from carbonate rocks.
B. release of carbon from fossil fuel deposits.
C. removal of carbon from the atmosphere in the industrialproduction of fertilizers.
D. accelerated removal of carbon from the atmosphere byforests.
Question 5 –
In aquatic ecosystems, leaves with high lignin contentdecompose:
A. rapidly because lignin is a nutrient-rich compound.
B. rapidly because lignin enhances colonization by decomposingfungi.
C. slowly because lignin reduces colonization by decomposingfungi.
D. slowly because lignin is a carbon-poor compound.
Question 6 –
In aquatic ecosystems, the major agents of decomposition are:
A. aquatic fungi.
B. bacteria.
C. algae.
D. detritivorous fish.
Question 7 –
Clearcutting atHubbardBrookExperimentalForestsharply:
A. increased export of nitrate (NO3-) in stream water.
B. decreased export of nitrate (NO3-) in stream water.
C. increased rates of denitrification in soils.
D. decreased deposition of ammonia (NH3) from the atmosphere.
Question 8 –
In Judy Meyer and Gene Likens’ study of phosphorus in BearBrook:
A. most phosphorus inputs occurred during spring snowmelt.
B. phosphorus inputs were nearly constant over the year.
C. most phosphorus losses occurred during autumn leaf fall.
D. most phosphorus losses occurred during storms and snowmelt.

Question 9 –
Fungi and bacteria release nitrogen stored in dead tissue through adecomposition process called:
A. nitrogen fixation.
B. ammonification.
C. denitrification.
D. nitrification.
Question 10 –
Nitrate is converted to molecular nitrogen, N2, in a processcalled:
A. nitrogen fixation.
B. ammonification.
C. denitrification.
D. nitrification.
Question 11 –
In stream ecosystems, nutrient retentiveness is:
A. not related to spiraling length.
B. positively related to spiraling length.
C. inversely related to spiraling length.
D. a logarithmic function of spiraling length.
Question 12 –
“Primary” succession is succession that:
A. involves establishment of primary producers where there werenone.
B. leads to establishment of a climax community dominated byprimary producers.
C. occurs on newly exposed geologic substrates, not organicsoil.
D. occurs where organic soils have been exposed but not destroyedby disturbance.
Question 13 –
The pioneer species atGlacier Bay,Alaskainclude:
A. mosses.
B. Dryas.
C. alders.
D. horsetails.
Question 14 –
During primary succession atGlacier Bay, overall plant speciesdiversity:
A. first increases rapidly, then levels off.
B. increases steadily throughout succession.
C. increases slowly at first, then more rapidly after a few hundredyears.
D. peaks at intermediate successional stages.
Question 15 –
How does canopy shading influence succession of pines and deciduoustrees in the Piedmont of North Carolina?
A. Canopy shading by deciduous trees is required for growth ofpines.
B. Canopy shading by deciduous trees prevents establishment ofpines until late in succession.
C. Canopy shading by deciduous trees prevents persistence of pinesin late successional stages.
D. Canopy shading by pines prevents establishment of deciduoustrees.
Question 16 –
During succession inArizonastreams, nitrogen retention:
A. increases at first, but then declines late in succession.
B. increases steadily through succession.
C. increases slowly at first, but then rapidly late insuccession.
D. increases rapidly at first, then plateaus late insuccession.
Question 17 –
According to the “facilitation” hypothesis, pioneer species modifythe environment in ways that:
A. make it more suitable for their own survival, and less suitablefor other species.
B. make it less suitable for their own survival, but more suitablefor survival of other pioneer species.
C. make it less suitable for their own survival, but more suitablefor survival of late-successional species.
D. make it less suitable for survival of all species.
Question 18 –
According to the “inhibition” hypothesis, pioneer species modifythe environment in ways that:
A. make it less suitable for other species.
B. make it less suitable for their own survival, but more suitablefor survival of other pioneer species.
C. make it less suitable for their own survival, but more suitablefor survival of late-successional species.
D. make it more suitable for survival of all species.
Question 19 –
The change in plant, animal, and microbial communities in an areafollowing disturbance or the creation of new substrate iscalled:
A. progression.
B. succession.
C. replacement.
D. colonization
Question 20 –
According to the tolerance model of succession:
A. early successional species modify the environment making it lesssuitable for the establishment by all species.
B. early successional species modify the environment making it lesssuitable for early successional species, but neither less nor morefavorable for late successional species.
C. early successional species modify the environment making it lesssuitable for early successional species, but more suitable for latesuccessional species.
D. only early successional species can establish as successionbegins.

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