BIOLOGY 101Summer 2017

FINAL EXAMINATION

Total possible points: 100

I. Multiple choice questions. Please boldorunderline the
correct answer (1point each=50 points)

1. Which statement about evolution is FALSE?

A. According
to evolutionary theory, you are related to a bacterium, to a yeast cell, to a
snake, and to an elephant. In fact, you are related to every species now alive
on Earth, and to extinct species, such as dinosaurs as well.

B. Natural
selection acts on genetic differences within a population to cause evolution

C. Natural
selection is about slow but steady progress. Through it, populations constantly
become better adapted. When this process ends for all populations, evolution
will come to a stop.

D. Evolution
occurs constantly, without end. There is no endpoint in evolution.

2. Suppose you
conduct an experiment which simulates glacial recession over time. What is the
dependent variable in this experiment?

A. Glacial
mass

B. Sunlight

C. The
season

D. Time

3. Macromolecules of living things on Earth are based on
which element?

A. Carbon

B. Hydrogen

C. Nitrogen

D. Oxygen

E. Phosphorus

4. The effectiveness of a medication containing growth
hormones is tested on a group of young male rabbits 3 weeks of age. The best
control group would be:

A. Any group
of rabbits

B. A group
of male rabbits, three weeks old, not given the medication

C. A group
of female rabbits, three weeks old, not given the medication

D. A mixed
group of male/female rabbits, three weeks old, not given the medication

E. No
control is required; just measure whether the rabbits grew

5. The temperature optimum for an enzyme is 37oC. What will
most likely happen if you increase the temperature from 37oC to 50oC?

A. The
enzyme activity will not be affected

B. The
enzyme activity will increase

C. The
enzyme activity will decrease

D. The pH
will increase

E. A. and D.
only

6. Which of the following structures can be found together
in eukaryotic cells?

A. Cytoplasm
and ribosomes

B. Cytoplasm
and plasma membrane

C. DNA and
ribosomes

D. Ribosomes
and endoplasmic reticulum

E. Golgi
bodies and DNA

7. Which of the following reactions or pathways is
catabolic?

A. Converting
glucose to carbon dioxide and water (cellular respiration)

B. Making
starch from many glucose monomers

C. Photosynthesis,
which builds glucose from carbon dioxide using energy from light

D. Making
ATP from ADP and phosphate

8. One human disease is caused by a change in the DNA from
GAA to GUA. This change is an example of:

A. Crossing-over

B. A meiosis
error

C. A mitosis
error

D. A
mutation

9. During which part of the cell cycle is DNA polymerase
most active?

A. Cytokinesis

B. G1 phase

C. G2 phase

D. S phase

E. M phase

10. One of the products of cellular respiration is
______________.

A. Water

B. Sucrose

C. Cellulose.

D. Oxygen

11. Which term does not belong in this list?

A. Acid

B. Vinegar

C. Hydrogen
ion donor

D. pH 8

E. Lactic
acid

12. An example of an organism at the second trophic level is

A. A fish
tapeworm

B. A Redwood
tree

C. A tiger

D. A cow

E. An eagle

13. Each of the following is a true statement about
photosynthesis, except

A. The light
reactions produce ATP from sunlight energy

B. The
products of photosynthesis are used as reactants in cellular respiration

C. The
products of cellular respiration are used as reactants in photosynthesis

D. Water is
used during photosynthesis to capture the electrons released from excited
chlorophyll pigments

E. The
products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are used to produce sugars in
the Calvin cycle

14. During the process of cellular respiration, which is the
final acceptor for electrons at the end of the electron chain?

A. Oxygen

B. Carbon

C. Carbon
dioxide

D. Hydrogen

E. Water

15. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to

A. Analyze a
person’s fingerprints

B. Allow
restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sequences

C. Create
recombinant DNA

D. Make many
copies of a small amount of DNA

E. Cut DNA
in to small pieces

16. A family tree that is used to follow human matings that
have already occurred is a

A. Test
cross

B. Karyotype

C. Sex-linked
record

D. DNA
Analysis record

E. Pedigree

17. What would happen to a eukaryotic cell, if too much
osmotic pressure develops within a cell?

A. The cell
would remain the same size, but the internal organelles would become

dehydrated

B. The cell
would decrease in size, and could collapse.

C. The cell
would increase in size, and could lyse.

D. Nothing,
osmotic pressure does not impact the cell.

18. Which of the following statements is false?

A. Individuals with the same phenotype may have
different genotypes.

B. Mating between individuals with dominant
phenotypes cannot produce offspring with

recessive phenotypes.

C. Mating between individuals with recessive
phenotypes usually does not produce

offspring
withdominant phenotypes.

D. Individuals with the same genotype might have
different phenotypes.

E. All of the above are correct

19. Which statement about the inheritance of blood types in
humans is most likely to be correct?

A. Types A
and O are codominant to type B

B. Types B
and O are codominant to type A

C. Types A
and B are codominant to O

D. Type O is
dominant to both type Aand type B

E. Type A is
dominant to B, O, and AB

20. Which of the following terms includes all of the
chemical reactions that occur within a cell?

A. Cellular
respiration

B. Catabolism

C. Redox
reactions

D. Metabolism

E. Phosphorylation

21. Within a cell, energy released by electrons is often
used to phosphorylate which of the following molecules?

A. ADP

B. ATP

C. Pyruvate
ions

D. Oxygen

E. NAD

22. All of the following apply to glycolysis except

A. Occurs
without oxygen

B. Degrades
glucose to H2O and CO2

C. Ends with
formation of pyruvic acid

D. Occurs
during fermentation

23. Why is water so important in controlling the Earth’s
climate?

A. Water vapor
is one of the greenhouse gases that help trap heat.

B. The water
in oceans and in lakes stores the energy radiated by the sun and releases it
slowly.

C. Water may
absorb and store a lot of energy by warming up by a few degrees only.

D. All of
the above

E. B and C
only

24. Consider a cell that underwent mitosis but not
cytokinesis. The result would be

A. A cell
with one nucleus containing twice the normal number of chromosomes

B. A cell
with two nuclei

C. Daughter
cells that are unusually small

D. Daughter
cells with no nucleus

E. Daughter
cells with too many chromosomes

25. The starting
materials of photosynthesis are _____________

A. Oxygen
and glucose

B. Carbon
dioxide and oxygen

C. Carbon
dioxide and water

D. Oxygen
and water

E. Carbon
and oxygen

26. What type of macro-molecule is frequently an enzyme?

A. Carbohydrate

B. Nucleic
acid

C. Lipid

D. Protein

27. In a metabolic pathway, a typical control mechanism is
to have ________

A. the final
product inhibit the enzyme responsible for its on production

B. the final
product inhibit an early step

C. a
reactant inhibit a late step

D. a lack of
reactant stimulate the pathway

28. The most important aspect of cellular respiration is
that ___________________

A. It is the
process that occurs only in animal cells

B. It is the
process that utilizes fat as its primary energy source

C. It is the
process that enables living organisms to utilize the energy stored in glucose

D. It is the
only cellular process that yields ATP

29. The statement best describes the relationship between
plants and animals on earth is

A. Plants
produce O2 and sugars from CO2

B. Animals
produce CO2 and H2O from sugars and O2

C. Plants
produce O2 and sugars and animals produce CO2 and H2O

D. Animals produce
O2 and sugars and plants produce CO2 and H2O

30. What is the function of the ribosome?

A. Digestion

B. RNA
duplication

C. Mobility

D. Protein
synthesis

31. What is the main biochemical function of the electron
transport chain?

A. To break
down glucose into pyruvic acids

B. To add
phosphate groups to ADP

C. To move
protons across the mitochondrial membranes

D. To force
hydrogen ions through ATP synthase

E. All of
the above

32. When celery is placed in a glass of pure water the
solution inside its cells is _________ compared to the water.

A. hypertonic

B. hypotonic

C. isotonic

D. selectively
permeable

E. ready for
diffusion

33. A human gamete contains autosomes and

A. exactly
the same genetic information as a somatic (body) cell

B. An X
chromosome always

C. A Y
chromosome always

D. Either an
X or a Y chromosome

E. Both an X
and a Y chromosome

34. Which of the following could not be a sequence of RNA?

A. GCGUUU

B. UAUGCG

C. ATGCGT

D. AUGCGU

E. AAACUG

35. The product of meiosis includes which of the following?

A. Haploid
cells

B. Genetically
unique cells

C. Four
daughter cells

D. All of
the above

E. A. and C.
only

36. In pea seed, yellow (Y) is dominant to green (y) and
smooth (S) is dominant to wrinkled (s). What are the possible genotypes for the
offspring of the following cross: YySS and YYSs.

A. YYSS,
YYss, yySS, yyss

B. YS,
yS,YS, yS

C. Yy, SS,
YY,S s

D. YYSS,
YySS,YYSs,YySs

37. A man who carries a harmful sex-linked gene on his X
chromosome, will pass the gene on to

A. All of
his daughters

B. Half of
his daughters

C. All of
his sons

D. Half of
its sons

E. All of
his children

38. Which of the following variations could be subject to
natural selection?

A. A dog
with short legs due to malnutrition is able to crawl into holes better than his
litter mates.

B. A tree is
not infested by a ground-dwelling beetle when the homeowner cuts the lower
branches.

C. A hyena
is born with a spotted fur pattern that allows it to hide in the grass better
than his litter mates.

D. A pigeon
learns that’s when its keeper comes near, it will be fed.

E. All of
these variations may be acted on by natural selection.

39. What do plants and animals have in common?

A. They are
both heterotrophic

B. They are
both autotrophic

C. They are
both prokaryotic

D. They are
both eukaryotic

E. They are
both hydrophobic

40. An ecologist is studying all the animals, plants, fungi,
protists and bacteria, as well as the interactions among and between them in a
forest. He is studying the ____________ in the forest.

A. niche

B. biome

C. community

D. population

E. habitat

41. Microevolution is defined as:

A. Changes
in population size

B. Changes
in the frequency of alleles in the gene pool

C. Changes
in the composition of the population

D. Emergence
of new species

E. Changes
in community size

42. A zorse is the offspring produced through interbreeding
between a horse and a zebra. Zorses are often preferred for riding because of
their physical shape, but they are sterile. According to Linnaean taxonomy, are
zebras and horses classified in the same species?

A. Yes

B. No

C. Sometimes

D. Not
enough information to determine

43. Red rose color is incompletely dominant over white rose
color. If a red rose is crossed with a pink rose, what percentage of the
offspring will be pink?

A. 100

B. 75

C. 50

D. 25

44. In what way is artificial selection different from
natural selection?

A. There is
no difference both have caused evolution throughout the history of life on
Earth

B. Artificial
selection applies to changes in domestic animals only, while natural selection
applies to all other species.

C. In
artificial selection, human preferences is the selective force; in natural
selection, environmental conditions are the selecting force.

D. Artificial
selection causes one species to change to another, while natural selection only
modifies existing species.

E. Artificial
selection is only temporary; once selection ends, the population reverts back
to the original type.

F. B and C
only

45. Themajority of climate scientists suggest that the
current change in climate is caused predominantly by ________.

A. An
enhancement of the greenhouse effect

B. A
decreased reliance on fossil fuels for energy

C. A
thinning of the ozone layer

D. A melting
of the polar ice caps

E. An
increase in solar radiation

46. Which of the following is not an expected effect of
global climate change?

A. A rise in
the sea levels

B. Flooding
of coastal cities

C. Decrease
in the size of glaciers and ice sheets

D. Increase
in the size of glacier and ice sheets

E. More
extreme weather

47. If a wolf eats a rodent which ate a small insect which
ate a plant, the wolf would be a(n)

A. Autotroph

B. Primary
producer

C. Primary
consumer

D. Secondary
consumer

E. Tertiary
consumer

48. Bat wings are homologous to the front legs of cats. What
does the term ‘homologous’ mean in this context

A. Both
structures are used for the same purpose.

B. The
common ancestor of cats and bats had limbs that functioned as wings.

C. Bat and
cats have no common ancestors.

D. The
common ancestor of bats and cats had limbs with a bone structure similar to
that found in bat wings and cat forelimbs.

E. Bat wings
are vestigial legs.

49. Inheritable mutations, which may allow a population to
evolve, are produced

A. As a
response to selection pressure

B. By chance

C. By natural
selection

D. As a
response to environmental pressure

E. By
artificial selection

50. If you were to buy land to plant crops, which type of
biome would you prefer?

A. Savannah

B. Prairie

C. Tropical
forest

D. Chapparal

E. Temperate
forest

II. Matching of definitions and terms. Please place the
correct number in front of each definition. (1 point each = 10 points):

____ Characteristic of water which protects fish in a frozen
lake

____ Carbon makes a good backbone for creating diverse
molecules.

____ Structures found together in eukaryotic cells

____ It is a ‘metabolic taxicab’ which shuttles electrons.

____ Chlorophyll pigments in green leaves absorb certain
colors of the visible light waves.

____ Protein synthesis follows a specific sequence of
events.

____ Both codons CCC and CCU code for proline.

____ Corals harbor special guests in their bodies to feed
them.

____ Some time ago, grazing livestock were introduced to the
Savanna in Africa.

____ In some areas, Conifer trees are very abundant.

1. cytoplasm and plasma membrane

2. RNA?DNA?protein

3. cohesion

4. blue and red

5. increasedfood production in times of famine

6. temperate forests

7. redundancy of the genetic code

8. is good at forming ionic bonds

9. bacteria

10. DNA?RNA?protein

11. decreased density at low temperature

12. desertification

13. NADH

14. universality of the genetic code

15. forms for covalent bonds

16. ATP

17. boreal forests

18. green and blue

19. photosynthetic algae

20. ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum

III. True-False questions. (1 point each = 5 points):

1. Evergreen trees in
boreal forests evolved a thick, waxy coat on their thin, needle-shaped leaves
as a special protection.

A. True

B. False

2. The best strategy for preserving biodiversity is to use
genetic engineering to create new combinations of genes.

A. True

B. False

3. Burning fossil fuels can result in an increase in mercury
levels.

A. True

B. False

4. Once an adaptive
feature appears, it remains in all the descendant unless the species becomes
extinct.

A. True

B. False

5. The average temperature of aregion depends on the cloud
cover that exists.

A. True

B. False

IV. Fill-in statements. (1/2 point each=5points)

1. Scientific
information called __________ collected from well-designed experiments should
allow researchers to either accept or reject a null-hypothesis.

2.
__________ are substances that cause damage to DNA which can lead to cancer.

3. Different
versions of the same gene are called ___________ of that gene.

4. DNA
evidence, fossil evidence, homology, and vestigial structures all provide
evidence than humans and chimpanzees share a(n)
_________________________________. (two words)

5. Evolution
that occurs as a result of chance events is called ___________________________.
(two words)

6. Both
algae and plants have the ability to _________________________.

7. The
concentration of chemical within higher levels of a food chain, or food web, is
called ____________________.

8. ______________________
are specialized cells (ova and sperm) used for sexual reproduction.

9. The
change in shape of an enzymes, due to excessive heat, is called
____________________.

10. Proteins
in cells are assembled by structures called ____________________.

V. Brief essay questions:Please write a concise and succinct
response to each one of the following questions; be sure to mark your answers
with the correct essay number. I am looking for clarity and detail which
reflects your knowledge of the subject. Always include appropriate examples, if
warranted. (Total possible points=30)

1.Plants require water, carbon dioxide and sunlight to
perform photosynthesis. Briefly describe and explain for which specific
processes these items are needed. How will a plant react, if no water is
available, and which specific processes would be interrupted and why? (5
possible points)

2.Describe the major land biome where you live. How have
human activities changed the landscape, and how has this affected native
species? Include specific examples. (5 possible points)

3.North America is currently experiencing an unprecedented
and rapid loss of species. What is believed to be the main trigger of these
events? What law was passed in 1973 to address this problem in the United
States? What was the purpose of this law? Has it made a difference? Discuss and
explain with specific species examples. (5 possible points)

4.Your local weather station alerts you to the fact that
‘acid rain’ is falling in your area. You are worried about the well-being of
your garden in your backyard and decide to temporarily cover up as many plants
as you can with plastic sheets. Then you explain to your neighbors what ‘acid
rain’ is and how it negatively affects plants. You need to go into specific
details s to what happens at the root and leaf levels. Your discussion should
include ‘symbiotic relationships’.(5 possible points)

5.The Gulf Stream is part of what scientists call the ‘great
conveyor belt’ that circulates water throughout the world’s oceans, influencing
climate. There is now cause for concern that the increase in global warming is
melting much ice, decreasing the oceans’ salinity that might stop the conveyor
belt. Would this scenario change Europe’s climate? If so, how would that
happen? How would different areas in Europe be affected? (5 possible points)

6. Before recombinant products were available, humans who
needed hormones or other biological products such as insulin and growth
hormones, had to use products that were harvested from other humans and
non-human animals. Can you think of specific health risks that might be
associated with products that were not made with genetically engineered
bacteria? (5 possible points)