ELA 040D –M. Greene Fall 2013 Summary Writing #3- 10 points
1. On p. 250, Schneider discusses the ideas of optimistic and pessimistic explanatory styles, advanced by Seligman et al. Briefly describe these contrasting approaches. Specifically, how do people using an optimistic explanatory style tend to explain their successes and failures? In contrast, how do those using a pessimistic explanatory style explain theirs? What are the results/consequences for each of these groups of people in terms of their health?
2. Also on p. 250, Schneider cites Scheier and Carver. How does their definition of optimism differ from that of Seligman et al.? What were some of their observations about the relationship between an optimistic outlook and health/well-being?
3. In contrast to the above views, Colvin and Black, Weinstein and Klein, and Robins and John are referenced as holding less positive perspectives re: the advantages of optimism or optimistic biases over realistic ones. Briefly summarize each of their views here.
4. On p. 251, Schneider describes the views of those holding the “middle ground” in this debate. Who are the authors cited in this section, and what arguments do they make? Additionally, what assumption does Schneider say most of the authors are making about the value of optimistic biases, and what does she offer as an alternative approach?
5. Finally, looking at the last section of the article, “Toward a Realistically Optimistic Science of Psychology”( pp. 260-261), and additionally, looking at the first column on p. 261, how would you summarize Schneider’s main points about our ability to change or shape our life experiences, and how a realistically optimistic approach can play a role in this?