Summer has finally arrived. You join your friend for a great afternoon swimming at a favorite local spot, an old gravel pit that fills with water from the river nearby. Your friend Jeff dives in first, unaware that ledges of rock jut our from that side of the gravel pit. Shortly after plunging into the water, Jeff’s head collides with a rock shelf. He comes to the surface and struggle to say that his legs are tingling and he can’t move his arms very well. Blood flows from a gash in his scalp.

1. What is your first immediate action to protect Jeff’s life?

2. How will you determine the extent of Jeff’s injury?

3. How would you stabilize Jeff’s head and neck so that no further spinal damage would occur?