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___________ The basic conceptual approach to phylogenetic tree building assumes that species with many character states in common are more closely related than those with few character states in common. Shared characters are homoplasies. vestigial traits are not relevant. Common ancestors are identified for each internal node. ____________ Which of the following phylogenetic methods involves counting up the number of commonalities among taxa and using this information to cluster closely related species together? Parsimony methods distance methods maximum likelihood methods Bayesian inference methods. _____________ What is the correct order of steps of bootstrap resampling? 1. To assess the support for any feature of the original tree, the percentage of replicate trees that also display that feature are calculated. 2. Resampling is done from the original character matrix to create a collection of bootstrap replicate data sets. A tree is constructed for the estimated phylogeny, based on the original character matrix. 4. The same tree-building methods used on the original character set are used to create a collection of bootstrap replicate phylogenies. 4, 1, 2, 3 4, 3, 2, 1 3, 2, 4, 1 3, 2, 1, 4 ______________ Broad-sense heritability is defined as the _______________ genetic variation divided by the _________ variation. Total; total phenotypic additive; total phenotypic dominance; total phenotypic additive; total dominance _______________ In a population of dragonflies, wing structure is determined by two loci (A, B), each with two alleles (A and a, B and b). Abnormal wings are produced in an individuals unless they possess at least one B allele. This is an example of what evolutionary phenomenon? epistasis linkage equilibrium physical linkage latent variation The G-value paradox states that genome size does not correlate with organismal complexity. Genome size does not correlate with the number of protein-coding sequences. organismal complexity does not correlate with the number of chromosomes. _____________ Transposons can be deleterious to a host genome because they can translate a coding sequence into protein. act as regulatory elements. Prevent beneficial mutations. Cause recombination errors.