What term describes the process of creating random mutations in gene and then selecting for improved function or altered specified of the resulting protein product? a. indirect evolution b. protein mutagenesis c. translational evolution d. directed evolution e. instant evolution Which of the following is required to insert a nonnatural am acid during in vivo protein synthesis, but is not required for in vitro protein synthesis? a. a mutant aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase b. a tRNA charged with the nonnatural amino acid. c. a natural aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase d. amino acids e. none of the above Which of the following is a way to create novel enzymes? a. glycoengineering b. using nonnatural amino acids to add new functional groups to amino within binding sites c. recombining functional domains from different enzymes d. DNA shuffling e. all of the above How were improved beta-lactamases made? a. by glycoengineering the N-terminal sequence of beta-lactamase b. through the addition of nonnatural amino acids within the active site of the enzyme. c. by DNA shuffling several related beta-lactamase genes from different enteric bacteria d. by recombining the functional domains of different beta-lactamases e. none of the above With regards to exons, how is a combinatorial library constructed? a. The exons of a eukaryotic gene are created by PCR and then reassembled randomly. b. The order of the exons from a eukaryotic gene is maintained but the exclusion or inclusion of a particular exon is random. c. The exons are digested with restriction enzymes and then religated. d. The exons are assembled and screened by phage display. e. none of the above With regards to exons, how is an alternative splicing library created? a. The exons of a eukaryotic gene are created by PCR and then reassembled randomly b. The order of the exons from a eukaryotic gene is maintained but the exclusion or inclusion of a particular exon is random. c. The exons are digested with restriction enzymes and then religated. d. The exons are assembled and screened by phage display. e. none of the above